Compare and Contrast United States and Japan's Domestic and Essay

Compare and Contrast United States and Japan's Domestic and International Market - Essay Example United States of America is the largest export partner of Japan, where as Japan is the third or forth largest trade partner of the United States depending on the criteria, if the member states of European Union, which are trade partners with the United States, are considered to be the members of one entity or more. The correlation between these two countries in their global as well domestic front has been discussed here under: DOMESTIC MARKETS: The domestic marketing policy of the United States focuses more on the businesses; it focuses on the sectors that every business covers, where as the domestic market policies of Japan focuses on the technology and innovation that can be utilized for the better product development through out the businesses. Japanese system of employment believes in sharing the benefits gained by the employees thus motivating them for better and innovative performance. Whereas, American system more likely focuses on fixed wage system and abrupt termination at w ill, incase of the conduct leading to a loss to the company, such approach proves to be very anti-innovative. In stable domestic markets American style will be beneficial both for the companies and the economies but when it comes to highly volatile and dynamic environment, the Japanese employment system should be preferred. That’s why it is said that the success that Japan enjoys is because of the way it compensates its employees (Dennis et al 1991). These differences lead to divergences in the labor market structure of both the countries as well. After the stock market crash in 1990, Japan suffered a set back in its economy, which took ten years for it to eventually recover, in 2004. After that Japan’s domestic marketing strategy focused on the research and development of the new technology that would be promoted in the public sector, so that all the businesses can prosper. This approach led for the recognition of its innovative techniques in all over the world. As fa r as the comparison for the domestic markets is concerned, United States excels in the traditional research where as Japan has a more innovative advantage over the global market. As compared to the American products, Japanese products and processes, which include semiconductors, automobiles, transistors, optical fibers, high end DVD & multimedia recorders and manufacturing systems, are more innovative and are highly demanded. Manufacturing has been the most substantial element of Japan’s economy since the World War II. Though the monetary value of United State’s manufacturing export is normally way more than Japan’s, but the proportion of the manufacturing export out of the total export is generally much lower than that of Japan. America has been focusing on its automobiles’ industries. After the stock market crashed, it bought the shares of most of the Japanese automobiles companies, which was a proof in itself that Japan had the higher end of technology in that field. Japan’s major exports still comprises of automobiles’ parts. According to an Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Japan holds the second position in the manufacturing sector after The United States of America. Japan had almost 470,000 manufacturing companies which was even more than that of United States (above 350,000). The United States of America’s domestic markets are a very complex paradigm, but

Article Critique Essay Example for Free

Article Critique Essay The thought that peer exclusion is correlated with children’s classroom achievements and adjustment has been hypothesized since the 1930’s. Much research and empirical evidence for such hypotheses have since been collected, and seem to agree with the premise of the correlation. Peer acceptance is the main measurement of this study. In contrast with other types of peer relationships, peer group acceptance, or rejection, is strongly connected with academic readiness and achievement. This article focuses on peer sentiments and its effect on children’s adjustment. It differs from past studies in that its approach is to measure non-observable feelings about classmates, rather than only the observable interactions. The article begins by outlining past research, and developing a premise for the study from those previous studies. The main study that this research builds upon is that of a 2001 study by Eric S. Buhs and Gary W. Ladd, who also conduct this study along with Sarah L. Herald. The premise of the study, based on the 2001 study, is that once classmates express negative feelings and actions upon a peer, those feelings and actions act as a visible marker for further rejection by the larger peer group, and the rejected child as well; as a result, the rejected peers are flagged by their peers, and are left out of classroom interactions, and as a consequence, the rejected child’s learning is impacted ultimately leading to lower levels of achievement (Buhs, Ladd, and Herald, 2006, p. 2). The prior 2001 study found that â€Å"early peer rejection was negatively related to later achievement and that this association was partially mediated through peer maltreatment and declining classroom participation, respectively† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 2). The authors developed a hypothesis that built upon their previous study. Their hypothesis was stated as, â€Å"it was hypothesized that prolonged peer maltreatment increases the probability that children will disengage from classrooms (or the school context) and that increasing disengagement impairs children’s achievement. Thus, it was predicted that longer rather than shorter histories of peer maltreatment, after controlling for contemporary exclusion or abuse, would mediate the link between early peer rejection and later classroom disengagement† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). The authors further state that their purpose for conducting this study was to bridge the gap between the limitations of the previous study (it was only a one year study that attempted to predict students future outcomes) by conducting a more comprehensive longitudinal study over a six year period (kindergarten through fifth grade). Methodology The research study constructed six variables to measure the children with. They include, peer group acceptance/rejection, peer exclusion, peer abuse, classroom participation, school avoidance, and achievement. Peer group acceptance/rejection was conceptualized to mean â€Å"the extent to which individuals were liked/ disliked by classroom peers,† and operationalized by sociometric ratings that were collected from peers during kindergarten. One problem with this operationalization is the ability to comprehensively scale the true feelings of one peer toward another, especially during younger years. Scales, questionnaires, and observations might be too incomplete to capture the true meaning behind the dynamics of peer to peer interactions. Another issue is of how to evaluate separate peer groups. Many times classrooms encompass only a selection of developed peer groupings throughout the grade, and might be unfairly balanced toward one group. An example of groupings would be defined by the terms, â€Å"popular,† â€Å"punk,† or â€Å"nerds. † The research might be biased toward one group, if only because they were over represented in a class room. The variable Peer Exclusion was conceptualized as â€Å"the extent to which children were the target of peers’ nonaggressive rejecting behaviors, including behaviors such as ignoring, avoiding, or refusing to associate with them in the classroom context† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). The Variable Peer Abuse—the second form of peer mistreatment—was conceptualized to mean â€Å"the extent to which children were recipients of classmate’s aggressive and harassing behaviors† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). These two variables contained indicators to distinguish between chronic peer abuse, and situational peer abuse. Again, the issue that arises is the effectiveness of these measures. The interactions between childhood peers are complex, and can change daily. The variables Classroom Participation, and School Avoidance were used to measure disengagement from the classroom environment. A large issue with this is how to distinguish individuals who might be avoiding class as an outcome of separate circumstances. If poor participation and avoidance was only observed from the angle of peer interactions, then this view is biased toward the study. The study is seeking a correlation, and if outside factors aren’t controlled for, then they will biasly effect the results of their study. A child’s family life, neighborhood, economic status, innate ability, among other factors, could influence all of the variables that this study examines. The last variable, Achievement, was defined as â€Å"the accuracy with which children could solve progressively more advanced reading, mathematics, and spelling problems on an individualized achievement test† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 4). The issue that comes to mind with this variable is the way it uses tests to gauge â€Å"achievement†. Some students fare better on tests than others, while some students take time to develop adequate test taking skills. Another problem is how to control for separate curriculums in different classrooms, and the quality of what is being taught. Data (From the text) Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 5 Participants The data used in this investigation were gathered from a total sample of 380 children (190 girls These children were followed longitudinally from age 5 (kindergarten) to age 11 (fifth grade31 kindergarten class rooms across 10 schools, and by the fifth-grade data collection period, children were in 162 different classrooms across 32 schools. The sample contained nearly equal proportions of families from urban, suburban, or rural midwestern communities, and the sample’s ethnic composition was 17. 4% African American, 77. 1% Caucasian, 1. 6% Hispanic, and 3. 9% â€Å"other. † Family incomes were distributed as follows: 10. 9% of the sample reported total household incomes from $0 to $10,000, 10. 9% reported incomes from $10,000 to $20,000, 12. 6% reported incomes from $20,000 to $30,000, 12. 6% from $30,000 to $40,000, 12. 9% from $40,000 to $50,000, and 40. 3% reported incomes above $50,000. Results The study reports it’s results as, â€Å"peer group rejection is predictive of a range of chronic, negative peer behaviors that may alter both the social environment of the classroom and children’s adaptive responses within that context across the elementary school years. † (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 11). It suggests that the facet of peer exclusion leading to reduced participation, and ultimately delayed achievements needs further study. It goes on to say that with further study, and thus more knowledge, an empirically based intervention program can be developed. Conclusion It can be argued that to have a complete understanding of the ever evolving and complex world of the social interactions in a school environment is close to impossible. The authors came into their study with a set premise, and expectations of the outcomes, and have seemed to found what they were searching for. The question becomes, how valid are the author’s findings, and can they be applied in a general manner across learning environments. I believe studies that look at complex interactions between children over several years, such as this study, might have too many outside interactionary forces that could effect the data and results. Works Cited Buhs, Eric S. , Ladd, Gary W. , and Herald, Sarah L. (2006). Peer Exclusion and Victimization: Processes That Mediate the Relation Between Peer Group Rejection and Children’s Classroom Engagement and Achievement?. journal of Educational Psychology 2006, Vol. 98, No. 1, 1–13.

Tni Or Training Need Indentifaction Commerce Essay

Tni Or Training Need Indentifaction Commerce Essay This is basically identified by the supervisor / manager as per the performance of the individual or the future plan of growth which has been charted.. But many organistaions who have a complete Performance Management System in place, fix the TNI upon mutual agreement with the concerned employee and supervisopr/manager in accordance with the goals determined and agreement upon for the next PMS cycle. Sometimes TNI is also fixed upon to improve an individuals performance/skill. There are so many ways for conducting a Training Needs Analysis, depending on the situation. Is it to lead in to a design of a specific purpose improvement initiative? Is it for managers to identify training and development needs of their individual staff during the performance appraisal cycle? Is it to devise a calendar of training courses? How best to conduct the analysis will depend on your answer to this question. In any case, determining training needs starts with a gap analysis the gap between what skills your employees have and what they need to move the business forward. We should use one or more of the following data sources: Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is an essential first step in management development. If we wish to achieve the greatest improvement in performance and best value from your investment in training, development, practical experience or networking, we should first undertake a comprehensive training needs analysis. This will form the basis for designing a cost effective management or talent development programme. Training needs analyses can incorporate a 360 ° feedback survey, or an analysis of current corporate needs. For senior individuals an intensive interview programme, including work shadowing can be justified. Design a TNA:- Before starting on a training needs analysis, it is desirable to carry out an audit of the current situation, desired changes in job or responsibility, and probable technological and organisational developments. This will provide the information needed to determine what is required of the individual, team or organisation. Then we can determine performance standards in terms of skills, contacts and practical experience. Simple questionnaires help us identify where individuals stand on a range of competences in management, corporate goverance and director behaviour, and corporate culture. Both the process of answering the questions, and the feedback will contribute to self awareness, especially if the results include contributions from line manager, peers and direct reports. The training need is the difference between the current performance and the required performance. 360 ° feedback surveys :- A 360 ° feedback survey helps the organisation obtain quality information about performance and relationships by posing a set of standard questions to an individuals line manager, peers and direct reports. This all around (360 °) approach identifies any variation of behaviour in different roles and minimises personal bias. Brefi group recommends that a 360 ° survey should precede any developmental coaching programme. When reviewing an individual it is often best to ask open questions such as: Keep doing:  What are the things which  name currently does which help you and which you hope (s)he will continue to do? Do more of:  What are the things you would like  name to start doing or do more of? Do less of:  What are the things which  name does which get in the way and which you would like to be done less often? Development needs:  What are the areas upon which you feel  name should really concentrate in order to improve the managerial performance of the organisation? You may wish to highlight aspects of how (s)he manages or specific objectives or accountabilities which you feel need attention. Personal strengths:  What do you see as the key strengths which  name brings to his/her job? This information can then be consolidated by an independent consultant and fed back in a relatively unattributed manner. However, for a larger or organisation-wide survey it is better to get numeric information that can be analysed and presented by computer. Brefi Group has developed two on-line TNA analysis programs for this purpose. BuddyCoach is a low cost on-line service for individuals the basic service is free. Using standard questions based on competencies in personal effectiveness, managing communications, managing people, effective directorship and corporate culture an individual can obtain an analysis of personal strengths and development needs. For a small charge up to ten others line manager, peers and direct reports for instance can be invited to comment too. The graphical results contrast the results from the different categories of feedback and also compare them with the norm for our international database. For each competence result there are suggestions of how to improve. CorporateFeedback is a powerful tool for organisations to identify individual and corporate training needs. It is a fully customisable on-line 360 ° feedback program which draws on a reservoir of independently benchmarked competencies for managers and directors. The software is hosted on our servers but can be fully integrated into the website or intranet within a template of your design. CorporateFeedback offers a choice of job role, that can either be specified by the client or draw on our standard list. Within each job role there is a choice of modules, such as managing people or managing finance. Again, these can be specified by the client or draw on our existing selection. Each module comprises a number of competencies. Brefi Group has evolved a large selection of competencies, many based on international standards. Clients can draw on these and also include specific competencies relevant to their own organisation. Each competence is represented by four statements which are included randomly in the questionnaires with options to agree or disagree. The results are presented graphically, with options for department heads and HR departments to view consolidated results and for learning recommendations to be included within each category. Personal interviews Personal interviews by a trained interviewer who is independent of the organisation is a means of obtaining high quality information about an individual or members of a team. Not only can the interviewer collect standard information, but he/she can ask penetrating questions to identify the reasons for the feedback. The information can be fed back to the subject in a non-attributable manner, but with much more information, including not only actual quotes but theappropriate voice tone and emphasis of the original quote. If the interviewer is also commissioned to coach the individual or team, this quality information will ensure that real issues are properly dealt with. Work shadowing Work shadowing involves a coach spending time with an individual while he or she is carrying out their normal work. The coach sits in on meetings and observes the individuals behaviour in different circumstances. Feedback can then be immediate, or compiled into a formal report. The instant feedback is a valuable part of the coaching process. Conventional training is required to cover essential work-related skills, techniques and knowledge. Importantly however, the most effective way to develop people is quite different from conventional skills training, which lets face it many employees regard quite negatively. Theyll do it of course, but they wont enjoy it much because its about work, not about themselves as people. The most effective way to develop people is instead to  enable learning and personal development, with all that this implies. So, after covering the basic work-related skills training,the focus should be on   enabling learning and development for people as individuals   which extends the range of development way outside traditional work skills and knowledge, and creates far more exciting, liberating, motivational opportunities for people and for employers. Rightly organisations are facing great pressure to change these days to facilitate and encourage whole-person development and fulfilment beyond traditional training. As with this website as a whole, this training guide is oriented chiefly around whats good for people, rather than chiefly whats profitable for organizations. The reason for this is that in terms of learning, training and development, whats good for people is good for the organizations in which they work. Whats good for peoples development is good for organizational performance, quality, customer satisfaction, effective management and control, and therefore profits too. This is central to a fairly balanced  Psychological Contract  in employment organizations. Profit is an  outcome  of managing and developing people well. People and their development enable profit. Enable people and you enable profit. Organizations which approach training and development from this standpoint inevitably foster people who perform well and progress, and, importantly, stay around for long enough to become great at what they do, and to help others become so. Training is a very commonly used word, but  learning  is in many ways a better way to think of the subject, because learning belongs to the learner, whereas training traditionally belongs to the trainer or the organization. Training should be about  whole person development   not just transferring skills, the traditional interpretation of training at work. Whatever your role and responsibility, you might not immediately be able to put great new emphasis on whole person development. Being realistic, corporate attitudes and expectations about what training is and does cannot be changed overnight, and most organisations still see training as being limited to work skills, classrooms and powerpoint presentations. However, when you start to imagine and think and talk about progressive attitudes to developing people beyond traditional skills training for example: enabling learning facilitating meaningful personal development helping people to identify and achieve their own personal potential then you will surely begin to help the organisation (and CEO) to see and accept these newer ideas about what types of learning and development really work best and produces class-leading organizations. Training is also available far beyond and outside the classroom.  More importantly, training or learning, to look at it from the trainees view is anything offering learning and developmental experience.  Training and learning development includes aspects such as: ethics and morality; attitude and behaviour; leadership and determination, as well as skills and knowledge. Development isnt restricted to training its anything that helps a person to grow, in ability, skills, confidence, tolerance, commitment, initiative, inter-personal skills, understanding, self-control, motivation and more. If you consider the attributes of really effective people, be they leaders, managers, operators, technicians; any role at all,  the important qualities which make good performers special are likely to be attitudinal. Skills and knowledge, and the processes available to people, are no great advantage.  What makes people effective and valuable to any organization is their attitude. Attitude includes qualities that require different training and learning methods. Attitude stems from a persons mind-set, belief system, emotional maturity, self-confidence, and experience. These are the greatest training and development challenges faced, and there are better ways of achieving this sort of change and development than putting people in a classroom, or indeed by delivering most sorts of conventional business or skills training, which people see as a chore. This is why training and learning must extend far beyond conventional classroom training courses. Be creative, innovative, and open-minded, and you will discover learning in virtually every new experience, whether for yourself, your team, or your organization. If you want to make a difference, think about what really helps people to change. All supervisors and managers should enable and provide training and development for their people training develops people, it improves performance, raises morale; training and developing people increases the health and effectiveness of the organization, and the productivity of the business. The leaders ethics and behaviour set the standard for their peoples, which determines how productively they use their skills and knowledge. Training is nothing without the motivation to apply it effectively. A strong capability to plan and manage skills training, the acquisition of knowledge, and the development of motivation and attitude, largely determines how well people perform in their jobs. Training and also  enabling learning and personal development   is essential for the organisation. It helps improve quality, customer satisfaction, productivity, morale, management succession, business development and profitability. Use these tools and processes to ensure that essential work-related skills, techniques, and knowledge are trained, but remember after this to concentrate most of your training efforts and resources on  enabling and facilitating meaningful learning and personal development for people. There is no reason to stop at work-related training. Go further to help people grow and develop as people. Induction Training is especially important for new starters. Good induction training ensures new starters are retained, and then settled in quickly and happily to a productive role. Induction training is more than skills training. Its about the basics that seasoned employees all take for granted: what the shifts are; where the notice-board is; whats the routine for holidays, sickness; wheres the canteen; whats the dress code; where the toilets are. New employees also need to understand the organisations mission, goals and philosophy; personnel practices, health and safety rules, and of course the job theyre required to do, with clear methods, timescales and expectations. Managers must ensure induction training is properly planned an induction training plan must be issued to each new employee, so they and everyone else involved can see whats happening and that everything is included. These induction training principles are necessarily focused on the essential skills and knowledge for a new starter to settle in and to begin to do their job.. An organisation needs to assess its peoples skills training needs by a variety of methods and then structure the way that the training and development is to be delivered, and managers and supervisors play a key role in helping this process. Peoples personal strengths and capabilities   and aims and desires and special talents (current and dormant)   also need to be assessed, so as to understand, and help the person understand, that the opportunities for their development and achievement in the organisation are not limited by the job role, or the skill-set that the organisation inevitably defines for the person. As early as possible, let people know that their job role does not define their potential as a person within or outside the organisation, and, subject to organisational policy, look to develop each person in a meaningful relevant way that they will enjoy and seek, as an individual, beyond the job role, and beyond work requirements. If possible top-up this sort of development through the provision of mentoring and facilitative coaching (drawing out not putting in), which is very effective in producing excellent people. Mentoring and proper coaching should be used alongside formal structured training anyway, but this type of support can also greatly assist whole-person development, especially where the mentor or coach is seen as a role-model for the persons own particular aspirations. Its important that as a manager you understand yourself well before you coach, or train or mentor others: Are your own your own skills adequate? Do you need help or training in any important areas necessary to train, coach, mentor others? What is your own style? How do you you communicate? How do you approach tasks? What are your motives? These all affect the way you see and perform see the training, coaching or mentoring role, and the way that you see and relate to the person that your are coaching, or training, or mentoring. Your aim is to help the other person learn and develop not to create another version of yourself. When you understand yourself, you understand how you will be perceived, how best to communicate, and how best to help others grow and learn and develop. And its vital you understand the other persons style and personality too how they prefer to learn do they like to read and absorb a lot of detail, do they prefer to be shown, to experience themselves by trial and error? Knowing the other persons preferred learning style helps you deliver the training in the most relevant and helpful way. It helps you design activities and tasks that the other person will be more be more comfortable doing, which ensures a better result, quicker.   Many organizations face the challenge of developing greater confidence, initiative, solutions-finding, and problem-solving capabilities among their people. Organisations need staff at all levels to be more self-sufficient, resourceful, creative and autonomous. This behaviour enables staff can operate at higher strategic level, which makes their organizations more productive and competitive. Peoples efforts produce bigger results. Its what all organizations strive to achieve. However, while conventional skills training gives people new techniques and methods, it wont develop their maturity, belief, or courage, which is so essential for the development of managerial and strategic capabilities. Again, focus on developing  the person, not the skills. Try to see things from the persons (your peoples) point of view. Provide learning and experiences that theyd like for their own personal interest, development and fulfilment. Performance and capability are ultimately dependent on peoples attitude and emotional maturity. Help them to achieve what they want on a personal level, and this provides a platform for trust, emotional contracting with the organisation, and subsequent skills/process/knowledge development relevant to managing higher responsibilities, roles and teams. 2.Examining training in large municipalities: linking individual and organizational training needs. By Willow Jacobson Ellen V. Rubin Sally Coleman Selden    |   Ã‚  Public Personnel Management     Winter, 2002 Both practitioners and academics in the private, not-for-profit, and public sectors are increasingly focusing attention on organizational and  human resource  management  performance. An important component or predictor of government performance is  its  training  infrastructure. It helps organizations recruit and retain workers, as well as ensure that workers have the requisite skills and opportunities to perform in their current and future positions. Training is a direct means of developing individuals, and subsequently organizational capacity. This capacity, in turn, is linked to overall organizational performance. This article utilizes data collected as part of a national study of local, state, and national governmentthe Government Performance Project. Specifically, it focuses on training in the largest municipalities in the United States. First, this article briefly reviews the existing research on training, demonstrating the need for a holistic examination of training in the public sector. Second, using data from the Government Performance Project, it describes the nature of training in 33 of the 35 largest cities in the United States. Finally, drawing upon what was learned through survey questions and personal interviews with city officials, this article presents a training model that integrates employees, the organization, and the environmental context in which employees and the organization operate. A recurring discussion in the training literature relates to the categorization of trainingmanagement training, technical training, and skills of an aging workforceand the inclination on the part of scholars is to limit their research to a particular type of training. As responsibility for the delivery of public sector goods and services is passed down to local governments, understanding the opportunities and mechanisms for developing employees becomes increasingly more important. With this delegation of responsibility come expectations that local government employees will deliver an increasing range of services. The need to provide additional services corresponds to a need to train employees for the delivery of extended services. Furthermore, in an increasingly competitive job market, it is essential that governments explore training as both an opportunity to retain employees and as a means to attract and develop new employees. This article is designed to fill the gap of knowledge about training in local governments by examining and discussing training for all employees and managers. In addition, this article will look at the relationship between different measures related to training and the environment. Finally, based upon data collected and analyzed, we develop a framework that can be used to guide government planning and training analysis. The human  resource  management  survey instrument contained a series of multi-part, open-ended questions designed to yield information about a given citys training system. The survey instrument was designed and pretested in four states, four local governments, and four federal agencies in 1997. Based on this pilot study, the instrument was revised and streamlined to focus as directly as possible on the evaluation criteria for human resource management. After completing a survey of 50 states in 1998, the survey was revised. Training need identification:- Some cities track employees training records centrally, while others assign this responsibility to individual agencies in which employees work. Specifically, in 76.0 percent of cities, the central personnel department keeps records of individual employee training, and in 66.6 percent, individual departments keep records. Records kept by the central office were computerized more frequently (82.6 percent) than those kept at the department level (50.0 percent). Computerized records allow managers and policy makers easier access for planning and analysis. Having a training catalog on the Web can make it easier for employees to stay up-to-date with course offerings. Honolulu and Jacksonville are two cities that provide online training catalogs. Finally, cities may offer incentives to encourage training. Other incentives for obtaining training are the rewards employees receive for completion. The GPP identified five possible rewards for training: class certification, college credit, recognition by supervisor(s), meal (ceremony), and skill pay. Rewards for training can motivate employees to not only seek, but complete training. Despite their potential positive impact, the survey results show that less than a third of cities offer rewards for completing training  explored a series of bivariate relationships between training-related measures and environmental factors including unionization, workforce planning, and workforce age. Unionization and workforce planning are significantly associated with diversity of training opportunities and training capacity. Monetary encouragement is significantly associated with average workforce age; however, the nature of this relationship is negative.   While the data is useful in providing information about the array of courses offered and a broad sense of the training environment structure, it offers limited insights about the quality of course offerings or the extent to which training meets the strategic needs of the government. As a result, this article develops a framework that structures our understanding of training from both the individual employee perspective and the organizational perspective. The model clarifies how the organizations training structure represents two distinct components and how these components may be prioritized. Strategic Systems Training Model: An Integrated Approach The Strategic Systems Training Model (SSTM) is based on the premise presented by Abraham Maslows A Theory of Human Motivation (1943) in which he describes a hierarchy of needs: when a foundational need is met, a more complex need emerges that an individual strives to fulfill. It is the emerging tension that motivates employees. Maslows model is based on the assumption that all individuals have needs that underlie their motivational structure, and as a lower level need is fulfilled, that need no longer drives behavior. However, a new higher order need becomes the source for motivation. (22) Component 1: The Individual Employee Using Maslows model as a starting point, he argues that humans have individual motivational structures. We take a similar approach and argue that individuals have individual training structures. In Maslows model, individuals are motivated at the most basic level by physiological needs that include their basic survival needs. In the individuals training structure, the most basic level of need is training on minimal occupational skills needed for basic employment survival. Depending on the individual, this may be basic literacy training or basic computer training. As shown in Figure 1, as an individual moves up the hierarchy, his or her motivation becomes more refined and specific. Similarly, as public sector employees progress through the training hierarchy of needs, the training requested becomes more advanced and specialized. n Maslows model, individuals still need to fulfill lower-level needs as they progress up the hierarchy. The training model begins to deviate from Maslows model at this point. Basic training does not need to be continually re-taught as more advanced training is undertaken, but the basic skills gained through previous training do need to be maintained. An individuals training structure is the  blueprint  for the training the individual needs to build his or her capacity, based upon the foundation of skills and training the person has already received. Component 2: The Organization An organization, like an individual, has its own training structure based on its needs and the skills of its workforce. (23) The training structure for an organization is made up of its employees, who bring their own training structures. Employees fill the layers within an organization; the organization needs to be aware of an employees current level of need and train him or her accordingly. The organization must also consider how the different needs and skills of its employees fit within the overall needs and mission of the organization. An organization that works to train all employees at the most basic level can then shift resources to other areas of training the organization needs to prosper. Furthermore, an organization must reconcile the obligation of meeting the training needs of its individual employees with its responsibility to develop an organizational training structure that suits its overall needs. An organization with a strategic focus advances and develops through its acquisition of new human capital and the development and training of its current human capital. The diversity of employees training needs means that an organization has to carefully plan its training structure to train employees at the appropriate level according to both individual and programmatic needs, which requires a more holistic understanding of how employees fit into the largerorganizational  structure  and how that employee contributes to the accomplishment of the organizations mission. Matching employees to training levels actually results in the separation of the organizational training structure into two training sub-structures or components: one that focuses on training managers and the other that focuses on general training. These two components are then treated as separate but interactive pieces of the organizations training structure. They can be prioritized and developed differently. The priority that one component may receive over the other is often due to limited resources, training philosophy, or other contextual factors. In an ideal system, both compone nts receive attention. In reality, one part is often prioritized over another due to budget constraints and other limited resources. This prioritization often relates to greater philosophical and contextual factors (see Figure 2). For example, cities that believe in succession planning, or filling management positions with people that have worked their way up through government, are more likely to focus their attention on the bottom triangle, expecting employees who complete those  training  courses to later progress into management positions. Thus, they want to advance the individual within that individuals training structure because they will take those skills to their next positions. This type of city is likely to prioritize the general training component. Cities that place a priority on the manager training structure might feel that trained managers transfer information to employees, so general training is not as important. This notion implies that managers act as trainers for employees, and as a result, fewer formal courses may be offered to general employees. This could lead to a less-developed training program. The transfer of training through informal networks does not allow for formal record keeping of an employees progress, thus making it difficult for the organization to accurately plan organizational training that meets individuals needs. Another explanation for the focus on the manager component could be justified by cities that are undertaking massive change; the priority may be to familiarize managers with changes so they can help transition the organization. Research has demonstrated the significance of the environment on organizational structure and behavior These examples demonstrate this significance by presenting factors that are outside the organizations training structure, yet have a serious impact on how the training system operates. The influence of these contextual factors on the training system are included as important explanatory factors in this model. This model serves two purposes in the planning process. First, it allows planning for individual training needs, and second, it allows planning at the organizational level. This second purpose is multidimensional, including the individuals that make up the organization, the capacity they bring to the organization, and how this interacts with meeting the future goals of the organization Conclusion:- This article presented a picture of training in 33 city governments, as well as key relationships that help us to understand training capacity, both overall and in relation to some of its key components. Cities offer a range of courses to general employees, ranging from the most basic to more advanced skills. Interestingly, fewer cities offer basic training than a more specialized set of training courses Finally, this article provides a model that helps to conceptualize individual training structures an

Speech: Dealing with Change -- essays research papers

The bombing of the two towers, September 11th, 2001. 2 749 reported deaths. The bombing of Hiroshima, August 6th and August 9th, 1945. 120 000 reported deaths. The battle for Gallipoli, from February 1915 to January 1916, a total of 505 000 recorded deaths, 28 150 of these were Australian. The Trojan War, 400 B.C. Total annihilation of Troy. Good morning friends, classmates and teachers. On any of these given days, thousands of people died. These acts of war were inspired by passion, greed and revenge. No one really wanted for their people to die – but they did. And this is something that no one can, or ever will be able to change. People have however, taken steps to address these wrongs. Some by retaliation, or being retaliated upon, others by an act of peace. It is not up to me to decide for these nations which of these developments are better, but I do see it as my duty to think, to wonder and to acknowledge. Lives were lost. Was it for nothing? How would the world differ today if none of these events had occurred? Would we have had a more peaceful place to grow up in? Or would a human’s basic instinct still win out, therefore creating more turmoil then there ever has been? Though as much as we should think and wonder about this, there is also nothing that we ever could have done, nor is there an answer to any of these questions. That said, these questions are important, not only to acknowledge the lives that were lost, but also so that we may stop and think next time before we act, instead of after. Before any of us do or say something that may effect and invoke change, because nothing can ever make things go back to the way they were. Depending on how things have been affected and altered, this can either be a goo... ...ecause we will always carry those through our lives, remembering the people who were there, and who cared enough to make sure that we opened our eyes to notice the world that surrounded us. When our time comes to stand up and be counted we will remember those who taught us that we are all different. We will remember the time when we realized that we are all the same. We will know that it will not matter in life who we were friends with or what clubs we belonged to. It will not matter what our grades were, or what kind of clothes we wore. It will not matter what kind of cars our parents drove. It will not matter what our dreams were, but what dreams we accomplish. Agathon was right when he said that â€Å"God cannot change the past†, and I for one am glad for that, but we must remember that while not even God can change the past, but it is our job to change the future.

Perceptual Map Marketing Essay

The purpose of this document is to illustrate the information contained within the Perceptual Map Marketing simulation and relate to it’s information as practical and important. Contained in the simulation were three phases, each of significant importance. We will include in this document the situation, the recommended solutions and the results. We will discuss the multiple marketing aspects that were revealed within the simulation and we will attempt to create satisfactory responses to the various questions which arise out of the relationships between differentiation and positioning of products or services and what the impact of the product life cycle on marketing is. It is the hope that after reading this document there will be a clear concept of what the results of this simulation were and how they are applicable to the paper’s mission. All good things have a story and Cruiser Thorr was no exception. We learned about the meaning behind the bike. The simulation showed how to create and use a perceptual map using the bike as a primary example. When using the Perceptual Map it then became clearly more evident which direction the marketing goals should take to carry on it’s back the heart and soul of the Morotcycle brand. In selling thousands of motorcycles a year the Thorr Motocycle company has created a client base capable of supporting their imense variety of choice that is given to the consumer. Everything from the type of engine to how many people can ride the bike. They sell accessories such as protective gear, clothing and even little models for children. The services they offer to their customers are that you would expect from a first rate bike shop. Our task is to set up a positioning strategy, a perceptual map and create the parameters that will become vital to the product as it will be the customers only information before making a major purchase. For decades now the industry of motorized bikes have been on the ries. Even with this evident truth backed by consumer research the top selling item that Thorr Motorcycles is creating seems to be dwindeling. The logical conclusion that we are coming to to is that their target customers are in the decades of their 30s till almost 60s and through the proccess of life seem to have lost interests in what Thorr stands for. No longer are these men rebels or out to â€Å"be wild† as Steppenwolf would say. Any consumers who are younger are simply not capable of affording the high price tag associated with a Thorr bike which ranges in the high 20 to low 30 thousand dollar range. Younger riders are more apt to buy less expensive, quicker riding bikes that are the exact opposite of the image that Thorr stands for. We are going to solidify Cruiser thorr’s postion in the market by creating it’s Perceptual map. There are four basic parameters that are relevant to the entire scheme of biking industry which reflect the highest chances for Cruiser Thorr’s survival. These are the four parameters: lifestyle image, product design and styling, service offerings, and price. The selection of lifestyle image is almost a no brainer as it is the backbone of the Cruiser Thorr’s previous success. The entire bike’s thriving record is built upon a reputation that having their bike is a status symbol. The same reason that people buy Starbucks instead of simply brewing their own coffee at home. Unlike other industries, transportation specfically speaks to the identity of the person who has the item. They will spend much of their time utilizing their vehicle. In no vehicle type is this more relevant than in bikes where people will see the bike and there will be no windows, walls, or doors hiding the rider from the world. Everyone will see who the rder is and that is why Product Design nd Styling are so vital to it’s success. The bike and the rider are one. Man and machine moving along the pavement together. The service offerings are probably the most second important aspect to a vehicle other than the price. Maintanence and such can get very expensive very quickly. Assuring that you are taking care of you customers and looking out for their well being is primary in the grand scheme of all things. At the end of the thought of course is always the most important aspect. Cost and price. The price is affected by many, many things. Among these things is engineering, construction, materials, labor, transport of the bike itself. The whole purpose for this bike’s creation is ot make money. To make money you must have a clear marketing plan. Due to this obvious fact we have restructured Cruiser Thorr and decided to not create a new bike. It is imperative to keep the Cruiser Thorr in production if Thorr is going to keep making motorcycles. It is the bike that has built their empire. It would be as if Levi’s stopped selling 501 Jeans. We instead create a financing option that gives the consumers with less money an opportunity to own a Cruiser Thorr. With increased service options will be able to make rational sense of the high price that we will be able to keep at the same price. For advertising it would probably be a good idea to put some endorsements in race tracks, hook up with a popular drink brand like MONSTER and maybe make a â€Å"Monster Bike† that can ride around. We can also take a page out of the GM book and put our bikes into movies and on television for product placement. The current straegy is based on price, product, location, current pomotions and services offered. With the goal of repositioning the product in an attempt to remove the competions hold on the market because we will move the parameters into concurrent thought forms and proccesses making us and our strategies the same as the competition. We know that there are four key factors that are represented by stages in a products life cycle that are important for the marketing officer to know and understand. The four stages: introduction, growth, maturity and decline. Once a product reaches the stage of it’s full maturity it is time to revisit it with the hope of making improvements. If this is not done the product will very quickly enter the declining stages of it’s life cycle. This is the reason that Cruiser Thorr started to drop it’s sales figure. Their product had reached it’s maturity. Their current customers were old and any knew ones had no idea what Cruiser Thorr, the brand, stood for. For this reason we had to reinven and improve their bikes. It was necessary to compete. It is the hope that we have together reached and addressed the various key points necessary to form a graps of the information that was provided. We have described the three major phases in the simulation. The situation and the recommended solutions have been addressed along with what our results were. We have talked about the different marketing aspects and answered the different question sthat were arisen between the relationships of differentiation and positioning for each of the products and services and it’s impact. It was the desire of I to create a solid understanding of the purpose and use of Perceptual Maps in Marketing. References All information was taken from the Perceptual Map Marketing Simulation provided on the University of Phoenix website.

Free Essays on John Hopes Opinion On Recuntruction After The Civil War

Reconstruction was a plan proposed by Abraham Lincoln when he was elected for his second term in office. Convinced by the union army’s victories, Lincoln went full out in December of 1863 he offered â€Å"Full Pardon† to all, it was called the Proclamation of Amnesty. Attached with this plan, he proposed that if the number of ex-confederate state’s voters, who would swear under oath, if their numbers reached 10% of the original vote of the election of 1860, they would be allowed to establish a new state government with all of Lincoln’s consent. This Ten Percent Plan meant that all new governments would agree to abolish slavery once in for all. (T501) Slavery was the main issue for why the war started. Lincoln acknowledged this fact only towards the end of the war. But the question is if slavery really ended when the war ended? Yes, through Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan, slavery did come to an end, but the crisis of racism only increased throughout t he south. African Americans, I believe, had a huge role in achieving their own independence during the war, and after. Stability was an issue to all, but black people were given the potential of receiving their own. (L) The war had almost all kinds of races participating in it. The black people even had their foot in the door, when they established regiments to fight. The Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts regiment was one of the prime examples in to how black men fought and died for their freedom. (T482)African Americans would also participate during the war by helping out in the navy, also getting employed by industrial factories up north, this would be an economic disadvantage towards Irish and German Immigrants during the war. They would be replaced by hundreds of black people in mills and factories, like I explain in my first essay. African Americans would die and support the war just like a regular union soldier will. Congress and the government gave exceptional benefits towards... Free Essays on John Hope's Opinion On Recuntruction After The Civil War Free Essays on John Hope's Opinion On Recuntruction After The Civil War Reconstruction was a plan proposed by Abraham Lincoln when he was elected for his second term in office. Convinced by the union army’s victories, Lincoln went full out in December of 1863 he offered â€Å"Full Pardon† to all, it was called the Proclamation of Amnesty. Attached with this plan, he proposed that if the number of ex-confederate state’s voters, who would swear under oath, if their numbers reached 10% of the original vote of the election of 1860, they would be allowed to establish a new state government with all of Lincoln’s consent. This Ten Percent Plan meant that all new governments would agree to abolish slavery once in for all. (T501) Slavery was the main issue for why the war started. Lincoln acknowledged this fact only towards the end of the war. But the question is if slavery really ended when the war ended? Yes, through Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan, slavery did come to an end, but the crisis of racism only increased throughout t he south. African Americans, I believe, had a huge role in achieving their own independence during the war, and after. Stability was an issue to all, but black people were given the potential of receiving their own. (L) The war had almost all kinds of races participating in it. The black people even had their foot in the door, when they established regiments to fight. The Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts regiment was one of the prime examples in to how black men fought and died for their freedom. (T482)African Americans would also participate during the war by helping out in the navy, also getting employed by industrial factories up north, this would be an economic disadvantage towards Irish and German Immigrants during the war. They would be replaced by hundreds of black people in mills and factories, like I explain in my first essay. African Americans would die and support the war just like a regular union soldier will. Congress and the government gave exceptional benefits towards...

Essay about Fate Oedipus

Essay about Fate Oedipus Essay about Fate Oedipus According to the world famous English playwright William Shakespeare â€Å"What fate impose, that men must needs abide; it boots not to resist both wind and tide.† This quote says that man cannot control their lives and that fate decides everything. In Oedipus the King, by Sophocles, Oedipus and his parents try to prevent the prophecy given out by the gods, but fate still pierces through the opposition and becomes a reality. The story tells how fate cannot be prevented and everything is predetermined, just as Oedipus was fated to fulfill the prophecy. This quote by Shakespeare is very evident in Oedipus the King when Oedipus and his parents try to stop the prophecy. In the beginning, Jocasta tried to stop the tragedy by sending Oedipus away to be killed when he was a small babe. For example â€Å"A son was born to them, and they tried to make sure that the prophecy would not come true.† (Sophocles XL). This shows Jocasta and Laius’ reluctance to let fate happen. Although they try to stop fate it actually in turn came to become the catalyst for it, since they sent their son Oedipus to Corinth where he gains a hubris attitude and learns the prophecy, since initiated by the words of a drunkard. Had Laius and Jocasta chose to raise Oedipus this tragedy may have been swayed by changing his nature or giving him the love which would make him not want to kills his parents as shown while he was in Corinth, and of course they could have just killed him right in front of them, but they did not. In addition, â€Å"Laius drove a metal pin through the infant’s ankles and gave it to a shepherd, with instructions to leave it to die of expo sure on the nearby mountain, Cithaeron. The shepherd took the child up to the mountain, but pitied it and gave it to a fellow shepherd he met there, who came from Corinth on the other side of the mountain range. â€Å"(Sophocles XL). The shepherd could have chosen to follow his orders and killed the baby, but just as fate had predicted he let Oedipus go, allowing him to continue on to kills his father and marry his mother. Without this small step Oedipus’ fate would have ended and the tragedy that was to befall on Thebes would have been vanquished. The parents of Oedipus tried to step in and stop fate, but it only led the shepherd to give the baby to a man who sent him to the childless king and queen of Corinth. Even though the parents of Oedipus tried to side tack the prophecy, it only led to keeping it on track. Just like his parents Oedipus tries to change fate but instead fulfills it. For instance, â€Å"All he was told was that he would kill his father and marry his mother. He resolved never to return to Corinth [†¦]† (Sophocles XLI). After finding out about his fate, Oedipus flees Corinth in

Mobs and Mobiles

Mobs and Mobiles Mobs and Mobiles Mobs and Mobiles By Mark Nichol It is etymologically appropriate that the term mob should be associated with a roiling crowd, because the word is a clipped form of mobile. That word, in Latin, means â€Å"movable,† but it also had the sense of â€Å"fickle,† which was what is meant by the Latin phrase mobile vulgus, which refers to the perception of the ruling class in ancient Rome that public opinion was capricious. (Plus à §a change . . .) (Vulgus, meanwhile, means â€Å"the common people,† and the perceived base behavior of the rabble- again, judged from above- prompted the adjective vulgar. The Latin term also begat another adjective, the first word in the phrase â€Å"Vulgate Bible,† referring to a translation of the Bible accessible to the populace). The slang shortening of mobile to mob occurred sometime in the late 1600s, and we still use it to refer to a large, unruly group of people. (Mobcap, the word for a large woman’s cap worn indoors, is unrelated; it comes from the obsolete name Mab.) To mob someone originally meant to attack him or her in a group; it now applies to any mass of people accosting someone, as when a celebrity is spotted in a public place and besieged for autographs or to be photographed. Mob is also associated with organized crime during the Roaring Twenties (at about the same time that the phrase â€Å"mob scene† was coined to refer to a crowded place), but it had first been applied to a gang of criminals nearly a hundred years earlier than that. Mobster was first attested in 1916, about twenty years after gangster officially entered the lexicon. The adjective mobile means â€Å"able to move or be moved.† (The name of the city of Mobile in Alabama is unrelated; it derives from a Native American word.) In the 1930s, the word was first used to modify the noun sculpture to refer to a piece of art, usually suspended, in which motion is integral to the effect of the art on the observer; in the late part of the following decade, the adjective stood on its own to become a noun referring to such art. Automobile was first, in the mid-nineteenth century, an adjective (a mash-up of Greek and French-based-on-Latin meaning â€Å"self-moving†); the French phrase và ©hicule automobile was truncated in the late 1800s to automobile, which briefly had in French the synonym locomobile (loco means â€Å"from a place,† hence locomotive, â€Å"moving from a place†). During the transitional period when use of horse-drawn vehicles and early automobiles coincided, the term hippomobile (the first element is from the Greek word for horse, known mainly from hippopotamus, or â€Å"water horse†) distinguished the former from the latter. Snowmobiles, developed in the early 1900s, were so named starting in 1931. Mobile homes, derived from travel trailers and originally designed early in the twentieth century to accommodate people who needed to move often, later developed into prefabricated homes that could be hauled to a permanent or semipermanent location, resulting in the name being oxymoronic. Mobility is the quality of being mobile, while to mobilize is to make capable of movement; the military sense, which refers to a country’s large-scale preparation for war, actually precedes the general definition. (It was first used in the mid-eighteenth century.) The noun form of mobilize is mobilization. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good WithAmong vs. AmongstI wish I were...

Caribbean history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Caribbean history - Essay Example Tiones and Arawaks lived a peaceful life with happiness before arrival of Columbus. Agriculture, fishing and hunting were their daily activities for fulfilling basic needs. Arawaks had copper colour with long black hairs (Johnson 1920). Arawaks had a unique lifestyle and a very gentle society. They lived as a society and society was just like a small kingdom. Their leaders were called cacique. Every Arawak and Tiones had 2 or 3 wives as per the culture. The cacique always had more wives than normal people as it was a symbol of pride for the woman to marry a cacique. Marring a cacique used to raise the authority and lifestyle of the woman. Children of the cacique were provided with better lifestyle and future opportunities (Williams 1984). House construction of the Arawaks and Tiones was basically of round shape that a supported with a pole in the centre. Palm leaves were used to cover the house from the top. Caciques had rectangular shaped houses as to create difference between a cacique and a normal man. Mats of banana leaves were the material used for sleeping in absence of any other bedding (Williams 1984). ZEMI were the gods of Arawaks and they used to arrange different religious functions. Religious practice included dancing, religious worship and medical treatment by ZEMI. People also consulted ZEMI for advice on health matters. Agricultural festivals also had certain religious features as thank giving. Specific dress was used on such festivals and drum beating with cacique sitting at a special place. Singing and admiring of cacique are the main events of such festivals (Williams 1984). Different caciques asked for certain help when Columbus landed in the region. Cacique Guacanagarie of Marien (Bainoa) asked Columbus to save him from Caribs. He became the very good friend of Columbus. Canoba was the leader who resisted Spanish movement in the area. Columbus offered Canoba a chain of gold. Conaba mistakenly took

A critical evaluation of HRM and Organisational Behaviour theories and Essay

A critical evaluation of HRM and Organisational Behaviour theories and frameworks and link with performance - Essay Example The approach is practical and there is greater tendency to change towards an informal individualistic direction (Salaman & Et. Al., 2005). In the international context, HRM issues are quite prominent and therefore an in-depth understanding of such issues is quite significant. Various theories and frameworks of HRM are present which can be applicable for managing the people working in the international arena (Lucas & Et. Al., 2007). Best Practice HRM is considered as the notion that human resource practice tends to work in an effective way if they are introduced in correlated and equally reinforcing bundles (Redman & Wilkinson, 2009). The literatures on human resource management suggest that the policies and the procedures related to the functions of human resource must be coordinated with the business strategy (Rollinson & Et. Al., 1998). On the other hand, the term ‘organisational behaviour’ (OB) implies the study and the application of knowledge regarding how the †˜individuals’, ‘people’ and ‘groups’ behave in the organisation.... Changing Landscape of HRM and Organisational Behaviour It has been mentioned by Jamrog and Overholt in their study that since last 100 years there has been continuous shift in the role of the human resource professionals and there has been addition of more responsibilities in the work of these professionals. According to the research of the authors, there has been major shifts in the functions of HR and it has developed through numerous stages starting from medieval time to industrial revolutions, from scientific management to human relations movements and finally to current strategic business partner model. In the ancient times, the HR has mainly tried to focus its attention towards the administrative facets of the human resource management. However, in the recent times, the strident call forced the HRM to become a strategic business partner. It is quite significant to comprehend the differences between the Human Resource Management (HRM) and the Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM). When the traditional HRM is taken into consideration, it is noted that traditional HRM is generally transactional in nature and aims at providing administrative support to the people working in the organisation in terms of staffing, compensation, recruitment and benefits. It has been paradigm change from the administrative facets of the human resource management that has led to the development of SHRM. In SHRM, a new set of value added roles and responsibilities have been inculcated to functions of the HRM. The prime importance of the SHRM is that of the strategic business partner. It is the SHRM that helps the companies to achieve competitive advantage and therefore assist the business managers to plan

Cloud Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cloud Computing - Research Paper Example Cloud computing refers to a new method of adding capabilities to computers through investment of hardware or infrastructures (Sun Microsystem, 2009). In this case, it does not acquisition of software, licensing or training programs of employees. In fact, it offers substantial business applications through the internet, which are accessed from a web. Web 2.0 involves application of Web technologies to the Web in a way that offers control to users through interactive visual presentation. Uses of Cloud Computing and Web 2.0 Cloud computing offers services accessed by businesses from different parts of the world. In fact, the cloud that is accessed by different users across the world is located at a single point to serve all customers and satisfy their needs. Cloud computing enables users and firms to access various software and storage services whenever they need them at a low cost; in fact, this form of deployment is called Software as Services (SaaS). Web 2.0 involves integration of W eb technologies in order to enable automation of a significant part of users’ action during the process of browsing (Guha, 2009). In this case, it enables direct embedment of target webpage into user browser, furthermore, Web 2.0 has facilitated technological advancements that enabled browsing the Web on small devices such as mobile phones, through reliance on Web API, Rich Site Summaries (RSS) and Atom feeds. Required Technology to Use these Tools Cloud computing and Web 2.0 requires infrastructure that entails reliable services that are offered through data centers and built on serves; in fact, these severs have different echelon of virtualization technologies (Handler, Shadbolt, Hall, Berners-Lee & Weitzner, 2008). Therefore, cloud computing require physical manifestation of data centers, whereby computing and storage is shifted from users’ device to a remote location having a large collection of serves, network equipment and storage systems. On the other hand, Clou d computing and Web 2.0 requires computing components such as CPUs and memory, which serves as recipients of two thirds of total energy consumed by servers. Benefits of Using Cloud Computing Setting up infrastructure for cloud computing such as acquisition of serves, data centers, database administrators is a role taken by services provides, users or business pay a price to access these services based on their usage (Sun Microsystem, 2009). Resources management and maintaining infrastructure is taken by the service providers, thereby making the processes of setting up simple. On the other hand, cloud offers increased reliability on network and data access, which is guaranteed and maintained by service providers. In addition, cloud computing offers a significant level of flexibility since data can be accessed from anywhere by users. Benefits of Using Web 2.0 Web 2.0 facilitates free flow of information among internet users, whereby they are able to share ideas and opinions about thei r business. Web 2.0 enables personalization of internet services based on different users’ needs and preferences. It has also facilitated acquisition of information based on users’ requirements, by making websites in a way that provides interactive interface, which is user friendly. In addition, Web 2.0 enables internet users to have easy navigation

Annotated Bibliography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Annotated Bibliography - Research Paper Example A correlation is demonstrated between pollution and areas with high population density coupled with low green spaces. They present a short, mid and long term strategy to improve the environment. It is suggested that the high cost of land in worst affected areas necessitates creative solutions such as roof gardens. A mid to long term strategy of conserving existing green spaces and developing new areas is suggested. It is also suggested that biodiversity be introduced by planting appropriate species to address specific ecological conditions and create planned connections between fragmented green areas to create larger overall interconnected units. In this paper, Ketabi gives suggestions to implement sustainable urban development in the Tajrish area of Tehran with economic, social and environmental dimensions. Ketabi places these suggestions in perspective by identifying the current environmental and urban state of the city which is regarded among of the most polluted in the world. Through data, fast population growth and continued extensive use of old vehicles are identified as prime causes of pollution. Tajrish district, which is one of the fastest growing suburbs of the city, suffers from unplanned growth. The bus terminal is a major source of pollution as is the large number of cars going to central Tehran. Ketabi suggests that the mass transit subway connection to Tajrish be completed early to reduce the traffic and pollution burden and also explains other suggestions for traffic management. In addition, the old prized cultural heritage of this area is being destroyed by fast and unregulated construction. It is suggested that campaign must be run to educate the area’s inhabitants about its heritage, parts of the old city be revived, and architectural heritage be preserved aesthetically. Lutfi and Koohsari investigate the spatial variation in accessibility to public spaces in a selected area, zone 6, of Tehran and

Protien refording Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Protien refording - Essay Example During initial production and isolation of proteins, many factors such as overproduction, solvent interactions, mechanical interference, or others may result in the denaturation of proteins. Understanding protein folding involves understanding both the energy landscape of the protein system, and refolding techniques have been significantly improve as time-resolved techniques, including neutron scattering, have been developed and perfected by researchers around the globe. The techniques involve observation of protein dynamics in order to assess the critical point of refolding, information which can lead to the development of refolding solutions (Bu et al. 2001). Neutron scattering and similar inventive techniques, such as stopped-flow florescence. In order to scale up for commercial use, protein refolding techniques must be scale invariant, compatible for a large range of proteins, simple to automated, and overall economical. Methods that rely on denaturant dilution and column-based methodology generally will meet these criteria (Middelberg 2002). The technology of refolding has grown exponentially in the past decade, and new methods must be carefully designed to facilitate the automated and rapid determination of the conditions that must be met for refolding in order to be commercially viable. It, however, remains to be seen if researchers can translate new technologies—and possibly even the discovery of a new protein state—into technology that will improve efficiency in bimolecular research industries. Before use, proteins are generally solubilised before use in high concentrations of quanidinium chloride (GdmCl) and urea (De Bernardez 1998 and Schwarz et al. 1998). Either of these two solvents may cause certain proteins to denature, and refolding involves diluting to a low concentration zone.

Reasons for Israels Invasion to Lebanon in 1982 Essay

Reasons for Israels Invasion to Lebanon in 1982 - Essay Example The relations between Israel and Lebanon have a long history, and vary depending on the historical timeline. To understand the reasons behind the Israeli Invasion to Lebanon in 1982, one needs to highlight the history of the two nations. Before the emergence of First World War, the Ottoman Empire was the ruler of the land that is currently Lebanon and Israel. The empire had a division system over the land, setting up series of sub districts and districts. During this time, Palestine had no administrative or political establishment, and Lebanon was a term that referred to the area between mountains and the Sothern Syria. The boundary between Lebanon and Palestine was the district of Beirut . The Zionists, influential at the time, were silently taking notice of the Lebanon in the early 1900s, especially the southern parts. In 1916, the region’s division into zones by the Sykes-Picot agreement was the first attempt of establishing a border between Palestine and Lebanon. Britain w as controlling the southern part (Palestine), and the French had the other northern half. The Zionist began lobbying for the Liwani River to be part of Palestine, arguing that the viability of the northern side was dependent on the river’s resources.... Later, anti-Zionists Arabs became the dominating political power in the southern Lebanon, and that was the beginning of security issues in the region. After the Second World War, Britain and France were again focusing on the issue of the border between the Syria, Palestine and Lebanon. Some of the lessons the Christians in Lebanon learnt were that the southern part of Lebanon was better off a part of Palestine. This would be an effort to restore Lebanon as a truly Christian nation. The border matter was now in the hands of the UN, but still there was no solution. The result was the development of extremist anti-Zionist Arabs in the southern parts of Lebanon, and the eventual involvement of PLO forces in the border conflicts3. Israel and Lebanon had been having conflicts since the onset of the twentieth century, with Israel directing its effort to have a peaceful North. On the other hand, Lebanon was harbouring terrorists within its boundaries like the Palestinian Liberation Organizat ion (PLO), down playing Israel’s efforts. The PLO terrorists began infiltrating Israel in the late 1970s, and spread terror to the non-enthusiast civilians against them. Around March 1978, the terrorists from the organization kidnapped and killed an American tourist in one of Israel’s beach, and proceeded to hijack an Israeli civilian bus. On interception of the bus by Israeli police force, the terrorists began firing on the police. Among the passengers in the bus, 34 Israeli civilians lost their lives in the attack, leading to more severe damage of the relations between the two countries. Responding to the attacks, the Israeli force invaded Lebanon destroying terrorist bases near its borders in the southern parts of the nation. After two months

Annotated Bibliography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Annotated Bibliography - Research Paper Example A correlation is demonstrated between pollution and areas with high population density coupled with low green spaces. They present a short, mid and long term strategy to improve the environment. It is suggested that the high cost of land in worst affected areas necessitates creative solutions such as roof gardens. A mid to long term strategy of conserving existing green spaces and developing new areas is suggested. It is also suggested that biodiversity be introduced by planting appropriate species to address specific ecological conditions and create planned connections between fragmented green areas to create larger overall interconnected units. In this paper, Ketabi gives suggestions to implement sustainable urban development in the Tajrish area of Tehran with economic, social and environmental dimensions. Ketabi places these suggestions in perspective by identifying the current environmental and urban state of the city which is regarded among of the most polluted in the world. Through data, fast population growth and continued extensive use of old vehicles are identified as prime causes of pollution. Tajrish district, which is one of the fastest growing suburbs of the city, suffers from unplanned growth. The bus terminal is a major source of pollution as is the large number of cars going to central Tehran. Ketabi suggests that the mass transit subway connection to Tajrish be completed early to reduce the traffic and pollution burden and also explains other suggestions for traffic management. In addition, the old prized cultural heritage of this area is being destroyed by fast and unregulated construction. It is suggested that campaign must be run to educate the area’s inhabitants about its heritage, parts of the old city be revived, and architectural heritage be preserved aesthetically. Lutfi and Koohsari investigate the spatial variation in accessibility to public spaces in a selected area, zone 6, of Tehran and

Reasons for Israels Invasion to Lebanon in 1982 Essay

Reasons for Israels Invasion to Lebanon in 1982 - Essay Example The relations between Israel and Lebanon have a long history, and vary depending on the historical timeline. To understand the reasons behind the Israeli Invasion to Lebanon in 1982, one needs to highlight the history of the two nations. Before the emergence of First World War, the Ottoman Empire was the ruler of the land that is currently Lebanon and Israel. The empire had a division system over the land, setting up series of sub districts and districts. During this time, Palestine had no administrative or political establishment, and Lebanon was a term that referred to the area between mountains and the Sothern Syria. The boundary between Lebanon and Palestine was the district of Beirut . The Zionists, influential at the time, were silently taking notice of the Lebanon in the early 1900s, especially the southern parts. In 1916, the region’s division into zones by the Sykes-Picot agreement was the first attempt of establishing a border between Palestine and Lebanon. Britain w as controlling the southern part (Palestine), and the French had the other northern half. The Zionist began lobbying for the Liwani River to be part of Palestine, arguing that the viability of the northern side was dependent on the river’s resources.... Later, anti-Zionists Arabs became the dominating political power in the southern Lebanon, and that was the beginning of security issues in the region. After the Second World War, Britain and France were again focusing on the issue of the border between the Syria, Palestine and Lebanon. Some of the lessons the Christians in Lebanon learnt were that the southern part of Lebanon was better off a part of Palestine. This would be an effort to restore Lebanon as a truly Christian nation. The border matter was now in the hands of the UN, but still there was no solution. The result was the development of extremist anti-Zionist Arabs in the southern parts of Lebanon, and the eventual involvement of PLO forces in the border conflicts3. Israel and Lebanon had been having conflicts since the onset of the twentieth century, with Israel directing its effort to have a peaceful North. On the other hand, Lebanon was harbouring terrorists within its boundaries like the Palestinian Liberation Organizat ion (PLO), down playing Israel’s efforts. The PLO terrorists began infiltrating Israel in the late 1970s, and spread terror to the non-enthusiast civilians against them. Around March 1978, the terrorists from the organization kidnapped and killed an American tourist in one of Israel’s beach, and proceeded to hijack an Israeli civilian bus. On interception of the bus by Israeli police force, the terrorists began firing on the police. Among the passengers in the bus, 34 Israeli civilians lost their lives in the attack, leading to more severe damage of the relations between the two countries. Responding to the attacks, the Israeli force invaded Lebanon destroying terrorist bases near its borders in the southern parts of the nation. After two months

Security Systems Essay Example for Free

Security Systems Essay System securities are a vital requirement in computers where a great problem in network security is experienced. There are more complexities in the distribution and array of computer network interconnections. This is usually experienced in different environments. Hence there is the need for having methods of solving the problem of system security. This is done through having a network interruption discovery where attacks are detected and the necessary measures taken into consideration. The three types of computer security protocols discussed in this paper are the Teredo protocol, the HTTP protocol and the SSL and TSL protocols. The security implications of these protocols are discussed in this paper. The computer security protocols are applied in different areas depending on the security protocol. The identification of these protocols provides security concerns where the control of security is required. There is need to reduce protection in depth and permitting for unsolicited traffic in the computer systems security controls (Aquino et al, 2008). Types of Protocol SSL TLS (Secure Socket Layer Transport Layer Security) protocol The Secure Socket Layer is an internet protocol for connections which are done from one indication to the other. SSL offers fortification besides tumbling of the roof space, interfering and counterfeiting. Therefore there is genuineness between the customer and the server since the client is able to institute a protected connection across the internet in order to offer fortification to the broadcasted information (Security Protocol Overview, 1999). Due to the increase in the stipulation of internet and digital information communication, a number of functions and workstations require to send out their information in a protected manner to inaccessible appliances and mainframes. This can be cracked by the use of SSL since it is well premeditated for the purpose in a criterion which is open. There are steps which take place in SSL and they include linking, confirmation between parties and finally, swapping over of the protected data. TLS (Transport Layer Security) is the latest improvement of SSL (Security Protocol Overview, 1999). Refer to figure 1 of the appendix. There is ensured discretion of the data due to the use of tough encryption expertise. There is lucidity substantiation of servers and clientele due to the use of digital credentials. The RSA algorithm used by SSL, it is meant to assist in the safety using autographs as well as digital pervasive. In support of extreme rapid encryption and decryption of data for communication after an establishment of SSL link, the suitable algorithm is RC4 (Security Protocol Overview, 1999). SSL can be used in any situation where protection is required between two computers. It can also be used in cases of clientele server co ordinations, monetary and movement business (Security Protocol Overview, 1999). HTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) HTTP offers assistance of the starting point in the system since it proposes the path of origin of standard and persistent information prototype contrast sequence. In HTTP, there are a number of classes which are possible for the collapse of data (Alarcon-Aquino et al, 2005). They are inclusive of standard which involves regular conduct of the system order which involves no bother. Adjustment of trail entails adaptation of the address of a folder in order to make accessibility to impracticable (Embrechts, 1993). The cryptogram introduction requires that there is implantation of malevolent ciphers in the add-on of emails. Cross-site writing (XSS) offers access to the confidential IDs, passwords and usernames from different browser casements which are dynamic simultaneously. Finally, there is the prearranged question lingo (SQL) which provides modification of the catalogue, removing or even plagiarism (Torres, 2003, pp. 8-13). Refer to figure 2 of the appendix. Teredo Protocol This protocol is meant to offer assistance to the client to understand a material in a specific report. Teredo protocol works by channelling IPv4 UDP port for a segment of the system that is only IPv4. There are basic machineries which are consisted in the Teredo structures. The components include clientele, communications and servers (Hoagland, 2008, p. 7). Before the sending of packets to and from remote IPv6 nodes, some tunnel setup communication has to take place. Therefore there are phases which are followed which include, the customer completing the qualification procedure in order to establish the address of Teredo. Secondly, the client has to determine which relay to use for a given IPv6 per node. The afterwards, the packet is sent through the relay (Hoagland, 2008, p. 9). See figure 3 in the appendix Possible attacks Storage based attacks Computer security protocols can have attacks that have the possibility of bringing down the system. The attacks can lead the security system to queue up many packets hence leading the denial of service. This is because the attacks make the legitimate packets not able to be delivered or not able to reach new peers. The security protocol can be attacked by the storage based attacks. The attack holds information from reaching its destination (Hoagland, 2008, p. 24). Relay DOS Delays of information can be experienced when there is a condition of denial of service on a network based relay. If the relay is not available and a packet is send then there is no stipulation for the client for establishing a new relay. However, the peer would not be aware of a relay being used and would then send a packet to the address (Hoagland, 2008, p. 25). Server DOS Services can be denied through a brute force attack on the server processing speed or the band width. If the security qualification of the server has part of it as authentication value, then the computation is necessary in response to every qualification request which is valid (Hoagland, 2008, p. 25). Attack detection In detecting attacks in the computer security protocols the solution should be taken depending on which model is used fro detection. Detection models can be hot based model or network based model. The detection of attacks in computer security protocols depends on the model used. The models used in detecting the attacks in security protocols may either be host based models or a network based models (Aquino et al, 2008). When detecting attacks with hot based models, the interruption/intrusion detection systems (IDS) usually make their decisions based on the information which is obtained from either a single or multiple host systems. In the net work based model the decisions of the IDS are made by first monitoring the traffic in the network which is connected to the hosts. The computer security system protocols are dynamic and changing regularly. This makes it necessary to use an approach that is based on neutral networks. The neutral networks are found to do well in the recognition of pattern, classification and computations of tasks that are parallel. This is why the neutral networks are a collection of extremely interrelated processing elements (Aquino et al, 2008).

The Social Problem Of Homelessness

The Social Problem Of Homelessness In this essay, the social problems I have chosen to write about is Homelessness. I will also be exploring different perspective of Homelessness and the policy responses and the impact it have on the society. The groups I will focus my discussion on are young people and rough sleepers as the evidence indicates that young homeless people experience rough sleeping before securing temporary accommodation. There are wide ranges of definition Homelessness and it varies from country to country or among different institutions in the same country. According to |Liddiard, M (2001:119) the immediate sense of the term as regularly employed by the mass media and politicians, simplistically equates homelessness with rooflessness or literally sleeping rough on the street. This is can be a straightforward and easy to understand definition but this does not reflect the true scope of the problem so a broader definition of homeless peoples include those lacking permanent residence and living in a range of unsatisfactory housing conditions. They can include those living in temporary hostels, bed and breakfast, night shelters and squatters. However, the legal definition of someone homeless is if they do not have a legal right to occupy accommodation or if their accommodation is unsuitable to live in. They also include families and peoples who do not sleep rough and some are accommodated by friends and family on temporary basis. So from the above definition the social construction of homelessness are not the small amounts of individual that sleep on the street, looking dirty and smells of alcohol and drugs but comprises of all individual who do not have a permanent decent place of accommodation or without a regular dwelling and are on a waiting list or takes housing benefit and in temporary accommodations. (Giddens 2007) The cause of homelessness varies as many are of the view that homelessness is a result of personal failings and consider if the economy is going on well, there is no excuse to be homeless. Shelter (2007) is of the view that homelessness is cause by a complex interplay between a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s individual circumstances and adverse structural factors outside their direct control. Among the individual factors include social exclusion, thus when a person lack of qualification because they did not have access to good education and decent job. Ones misuse of drugs and alcohol which result in lack of personal control, lack of social support and debts especially mortgage or rent arrears. Having mental health problems and getting involved in crime at an early age also contribute to homelessness. Family breakdown and unresolved disputes are a major factor of homelessness as a result of divorce and separation and a greater number of men and women are affected. People from institutiona l background like having been in care, the armed forces are likely to be affected. Ex-offenders who come out of prison and lose their friend and families can become homeless and the majority from ethnic minority or ex-asylum seekers who have the right to stay but have no accommodation. Structural causes of homelessness are mostly social and economical in nature often outside the control of individual or family concerned. These may include poverty, lack of affordable housing, unemployment and the structure and administration of housing benefit. According to the shelter (2007) the number of households found to be homeless by local authorities increased 31percent between 1997/98 and 2003/2004. Historically, homelessness had low publicity until the 1966 when the BBC screened Ken Loachà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s film about homelessness Cathy Come Home. This was watch by 12million people and the film alerted the public, the media and the government to the scale of the housing crises and then Shelter was formed. Another policy response was the 1977 Housing (Homeless Persons) Acts was the first measure to place responsibilities on local authorities to rehouse homeless families and individuals permanently. (Liddiard, M .2001) The 1977 legislation had Priority Need which included women with children or pregnant, vulnerable due to age, mental illness, disability, and loss of home by natural disasters. This did not cater for everyone who was homeless and the criteria by which local authorities accepted someone as homeless was complex and rest ricted. Hence the 1996 section 177 amended to include domestic violence as a priority need but strict eligibility remains (Hill, M: 2000). Young people were not covered under the existing legislation and the number of young homeless increased. Existing data on youth homelessness has significant limitation; in particular it is only possible to count young people who are in contact with services. According to ONS (2007) it can be estimated that at least 75,000 young people experienced homelessness in the UK in 2006-07. This included 43,075 aged 16-24 of which 8,337 were 16 -17 year old who were accepted as statutorily homeless in the UK and at least 31,000 non-statutorily homeless young people using supporting people services during 2006-2007. The Homelessness Act (2002) changes significantly the way in which homeless in England and Wales is tackled. The priority need categories was extended to includes 16/17 years rather those who social services are responsible for accommodating, care- leavers under the age of 21 who were looked after by social services when they were 16/17 and ex- prisoners, former soldiers and young p eople leaving care. This act also introduces greater flexibility with regards to social housing allocation giving more people the right to be considered for a council or housing home. The local authorities had a statutory duty to care for all the homeless people but no extra resources were added. This had a great impact on the number of homeless people who were able to relocate permanently at a given time and especially those under priority need. Young people experiencing disruption or trauma during childhood who may be from socio-economic background are at increased risk of homelessness. The main trigger for youth homelessness is relationship breakdown usually parents or step-parent. Among the impact of homeless on young people is poor health as they cannot take care of their health being. They lack basic food and shelter to help them grow to become healthy adults and they may suffer from depression. Homelessness can lead to increased levels of non- participation in formal education, training or employment. At times leaving school early without a qualification and a decent job may lead some young people into the misuse of drugs and some have mental health problems. Another homeless group of concern is the rough sleepers who were in temporary accommodation but some choose to roam the streets, sleeping rough free from the constraints of property and possessions. But a large majority has no such wish at all but they have been pushed over the edge into homelessness by factors beyond their control. Once they find themselves without a permanent dwelling, their lives sometimes deteriorate into a spiral of hardship and deprivation. ( Giddens 2009:503) The Homelessness Act 2002 extended the definition of the priority need to include new groups of vulnerable people, and requirement that all homeless people receive advice and assistance. In addition, Local Authorities are requires to periodically develop homeless strategies, including an assessment of levels of homelessness and conduct an audit of those sleeping rough. In 1998 there were around 1,850 people sleeping rough on the street of England on any one night. This follows on from the government drive to reduce rough sleeping by two-thirds in 2002. The Rough Sleeper Unit was set up in April 1999 to take the lead on delivering this challenging new target and help thousands of people to escape fro good from the humiliation and misery of life under a blanket in a shop doorway. One of the key principal of the strategy was to understand the cause of rough sleeping, why people end up on the street and what could be done to stop this from happing in the future. The strategy also place t he emphasis on encouraging rough sleepers to become active members of the community, to build self esteem and bring on talent as well as helping the individual to become prepared for the life away from the street. Positive result soon follows as reductions in rough sleeping were achieves around the country in December 2001 the target set by the government was met ahead of time. The target was met amid the controversy about how rough sleepers were counted and concern about the emphasis on street homelessness, which campaigners claimed was only tip of the homelessness iceberg. According to BBC New Magazine, housing minister Grant Shapps believes that the government figures on the count of rough sleeper is low and the system of counting is flawed. He argues that, under previous governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s system, councils with fewer than 10 rough sleepers were not obliged to count them, and that vagrants sitting up in sleeping bags were not counted as homeless. After Mr. Shapps insisted that councils provide estimates, the England wide figure rose to 1,247, this comprised 440 from 70 authorities that count and 807 from 256 authorities that provided estimates. Despite government investment in hostels to accommodate rough sleepers many are on waiting list as resources and financing is limited. Overcrowding, lack of bed space and sharing rooms or limited facili ties with others are also identified as a problem especially if you have a partner or a dog, your choices narrow considerably. Although the quality of hostels has improved considerably, hostels are often considered unsafe. Over 57 percent of those who stayed in hostels mentioned problems with other residents, including drug and alcohol use, violence, theft, bulling, noise and arguments. And some are of the view that it is not a place to go if you want to stay clean of drugs. People are under the same legislation and the local authorities are unable to permanently house all in priority need. In addition to the above, there are certain groups who are excluded from hostels, such as people from the EU and asylum seekers from non-EU countries who are homeless and destitute in the street of the UK. Their entitlement to benefits is restricted until they have lived and worked and paid into the UK system through national Insurance and tax for one year continuously. Such laws bring about social exclusion as street homeless people have reduced access to health care and dental services. They face discrimination and general rejection from other people and may have increased risk to suffering from violence and abuse. The impact of rough sleeping is limited access to education, not being seen as suitable for employment and loss of usual relationship with the mainstream. Most of all, living on the streets is dangerous as rough sleepers die young with the average life expectancy at 42. Inequalities among the population still remain one factor of homelessness. Privatisation and residualisation of the council housing meant that fewer houses are available for council tenant. This imposes greater long term risks on the former council tenants while also generating considerable costs for the taxpayer. The process also excludes the many tenants who either reject transfer or are not given the choice and therefore exacerbates inequalities. There are 1.4 million unfit home in England as the majority of homeowners are in the private sector. The increase of housing association rents and increases in house prices means most people cannot afford a decent accommodation. Low income families are the most affected as 4 million people receiving housing benefit. ( Quilgars D. et al 2008) In conclusion, the problem of homelessness has been tackled by the governments over the years through policies and legislation. However, the problem require long term policy solutions such as changes in the benefit system, the building of more affordable homes and ensuring that a wider cross- section of society benefits from the fruits of economic growth. For many people, there is no single event that results in sudden homelessness; instead homelessness is due to a number of unresolved problems outlined above building up over time. The achievement of one government policy on rough sleepers indicates much could be done to reduce the impact of homelessness as the number still rises. Ministers are now focusing on the prevention of rough sleeper and youth homelessness through a new government homelessness strategy.